Custom Battery Pack MarketSize, Share & Industry Analysis, 2026-2034By Battery ChemistryBy Capacity RangeBy End-use IndustryBy Pack ConfigurationBy Voltage Range
Full title & scope — all 5 axes with their segments
Custom Battery Pack Market Size, Share & Industry Analysis, By Battery Chemistry (Lithium-ion, Lithium Polymer, Nickel-Metal Hydride, Lead-Acid, Others), By Capacity Range (Below 10 Ah, 10 to 50 Ah, Above 50 Ah), By End-use Industry (Consumer Electronics, Medical & Healthcare, Industrial & Power Tools, Automotive & E-Mobility, Energy Storage & Utilities), By Pack Configuration (Cylindrical, Prismatic, Pouch), By Voltage Range (Low Voltage, Mid Voltage, High Voltage), and Regional Forecast, 2026-2034
How the estimates were built: data sources, modelling approach and validation steps.
- 01By Battery ChemistryLithium-ion · Lithium Polymer · Nickel-Metal Hydride
- 02By Capacity RangeBelow 10 Ah · 10 to 50 Ah · Above 50 Ah
- 03By End-use IndustryConsumer Electronics · Medical & Healthcare · Industrial & Power Tools
- 04By Pack ConfigurationCylindrical · Prismatic · Pouch
- 05By Voltage RangeLow Voltage · Mid Voltage · High Voltage
- 06By Region
Market Analysis & Outlook
Custom battery packs are battery assemblies engineered to a buyer's specific voltage, capacity, form factor and battery management requirements, rather than sold as a standard catalog cell or module. They combine cells in application-specific configurations with protection circuitry, connectors and enclosures suited to the device they power. Buyers include original equipment manufacturers in medical devices, industrial equipment, e-mobility, robotics and consumer electronics who need a pack that fits a defined space, duty cycle or certification requirement that no standard pack meets.
The global custom battery pack market stood at USD 36.2 billion in 2025. A forecast-period rate of 10.07% takes it to USD 88.15 billion by 2034, and the study reports every year in between, passing USD 18 billion in 2020, USD 31.49 billion in 2024, USD 40.9 billion in 2026 and USD 61.7 billion in 2030.
On the battery chemistry axis, growth rates run from 3.27% for Lead-Acid up to 14.35% for Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries). Lithium-ion carries the volume: USD 21 billion and 58.01% of revenue in 2025, USD 52.89 billion and 60% in 2034. Lithium-ion, Lithium Polymer and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) take share over the period; Nickel-Metal Hydride and Lead-Acid give it up while still growing in absolute terms.
By capacity range, 10 to 50 Ah accounts for 45% of 2025 revenue at USD 16.29 billion, reaching USD 38.79 billion and 44% by 2034. Above 50 Ah grows faster at 13.65% against 10.13%, moving from 20% of revenue to 25.99% by 2034. This axis divides the same revenue as the battery chemistry split instead of adding to it, so the two are read together and never summed.
The regional order runs from Asia Pacific at 45.99% of 2025 revenue down to Middle East and Africa at 4.01%. Asia Pacific is worth USD 16.65 billion in 2025 and USD 44.08 billion in 2034; North America, second at 24%, moves from USD 8.69 billion to USD 18.51 billion. Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa gain share across the period, so growth is not distributed evenly between regions.
Coverage extends to five regions, five battery chemistry lines and five segmentation axes over the full fifteen years. The 2025 total itself is triangulated from published sources and category proxies, with no independently sourced count behind it, and the splits below are estimated on that same basis, a bound on their precision worth carrying into any use of them.
Market Size, 2020–2034
USD BillionRevenue in USD Billion. Values up to 2025 are actuals; 2026–2034 are forecast.
Key Takeaways
- Revenue grows from USD 36.2 billion in 2025 to USD 88.15 billion in 2034, a compound annual rate of 10.07%, having reached USD 31.49 billion in 2024 from USD 18 billion in 2020.
- Lithium-ion is the largest battery chemistry line at USD 21 billion in 2025, a 58.01% share, reaching USD 52.89 billion and 60% of revenue by 2034.
- Fastest growth on the battery chemistry axis belongs to Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries): 14.35% a year, USD 1.81 billion to USD 6.17 billion, and a share moving from 5% to 7%.
- Scenario range for 2034 runs from USD 75.81 billion in the bear case to USD 100.49 billion in the bull case, against a base-case USD 88.15 billion, the spread a plan built on this forecast has to absorb.
- The largest region is Asia Pacific, generating USD 16.65 billion in 2025 (45.99% of the global total) and USD 44.08 billion by 2034, ahead of North America at 24%.
- Within Asia Pacific, China is the worked country example, at USD 7.49 billion in 2025; 44.99% of regional revenue in the base year, and USD 20.72 billion by 2034.
- Every line on all five segmentation axes and in each of the five regions carries its own revenue, share and growth rate for all fifteen years, 2020 through 2034, on a 2025 base.
Market Trends
Revenue Share, By By Battery Chemistry
Base year 2025Lithium-ion leads with 58.0% of by battery chemistry segment revenue.
Share of by battery chemistry segment revenue, most recent base year.
Three things move over 2026-2034, and they are worth separating: the battery chemistry mix, the regional balance, and the 10.07% compounding underneath both.
Not one of them points downward. Growth is everywhere in absolute terms, and the interest is entirely in where it lands.
Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) outpaces Lead-Acid. Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) grows at 14.35% across 2026-2034 against 3.27% for Lead-Acid, the widest spread on the battery chemistry axis. Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) takes its share of revenue from 5% to 7% while Lead-Acid gives up ground, from 6.99% to 4%. Revenue rises on both sides; USD 1.81 billion to USD 6.17 billion and USD 2.53 billion to USD 3.53 billion respectively, so this is a change in composition, not a contraction, and one forecast window is long enough for it to matter.
The regional balance moves. Asia Pacific moves from 45.99% of revenue in 2025 to 50.01% in 2034, worth USD 16.65 billion rising to USD 44.08 billion; Latin America moves from 5.99% of revenue in 2025 to 6% in 2034, worth USD 2.17 billion rising to USD 5.29 billion; Middle East and Africa moves from 4.01% of revenue in 2025 to 4.99% in 2034, worth USD 1.45 billion rising to USD 4.4 billion. The offsetting side is North America at 24% moving to 20.99%, Europe at 20% moving to 18%, none of which contracts. Revenue added in this market is therefore concentrating geographically instead of spreading evenly, and a participant weighted toward a share-losing region grows more slowly than the market even while its own revenue climbs.
Growth compounds at 10.07% without a step change. Fifteen years of revenue run USD 18 billion in 2020, USD 31.49 billion in 2024, USD 36.2 billion in 2025, USD 40.9 billion in 2026, USD 61.7 billion in 2030 and USD 88.15 billion in 2034. No year breaks the trajectory, and the 10.07% forecast rate compares with 15% recorded over 2020-2025, a continuation, not an inflection. For a participant that makes planning a question of capturing a share of steady expansion instead of timing a discontinuity, and it is why the battery chemistry and regional mixes matter more to a forecast than the headline rate does.
Market Growth Factors
Growth is concentrated in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries)
Market Drivers
3- 01Growth is concentrated in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries)
Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) compounds at 14.35% against 10.07% for the market, rising from USD 1.81 billion in 2025 to USD 6.17 billion in 2034 and from 5% of revenue to 7%. Because the spread to Lead-Acid at 3.27% is this wide, the headline 10.07% is a weighted result, not a rate any single line achieves. A portfolio weighted away from it tracks below the market even in a market growing everywhere.
- 02Growth lands where the revenue already is
The largest regional base is Asia Pacific: USD 16.65 billion in 2025 at 45.99% of the global total, USD 44.08 billion by 2034 and 50.01%. North America adds a further 24% at USD 8.69 billion, reaching USD 18.51 billion. Together the two account for the majority of both the 2025 base and the revenue added by 2034, which is why a regional plan treating all five regions at equal weight misreads where the growth actually lands.
- 03The base has grown every year since 2020
The historical period compounded at 15%; USD 18 billion in 2020, USD 31.49 billion in 2024 and USD 36.2 billion in 2025. The forecast continues at 10.07% to USD 88.15 billion in 2034. Fifteen years of unbroken growth in the series means the forecast rests on a demonstrated trajectory, not a projected turnaround, and it is why the 10.07% rate is applied flat across the whole period instead of ramped through it.
Growth drivers
| # | Growth driver | Impact | Gross contribution (Billion) | 2026-28 | 2029-31 | 2032-34 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Expansion of custom lithium-ion packs in electric two-wheelers and light electric vehicles | High | +16.5 | High | High | Medium |
| 2 | Growth in portable and wearable medical devices requiring application-specific pack geometries | Medium-High | +11 | Medium | High | High |
| 3 | Expansion of industrial and robotics automation requiring tailored voltage and capacity packs | Medium-High | +10.2 | Medium | Medium | High |
| 4 | Distributed and behind-the-meter energy storage deployments specifying custom pack architectures | Medium | +8.5 | Low | Medium | High |
| 5 | Consumer electronics and power tool makers shifting from standard cells to custom packs for product differentiation | Medium | +6.3 | Medium | Medium | Low |
| 6 | Others | Low | +3.75 | Low | Low | Low |
| Total | +56.25 | |||||
Restraints
| # | Restraint | Impact | Estimated reduction (Billion) | 2026-28 | 2029-31 | 2032-34 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Volatility in lithium and cobalt raw material pricing compressing custom pack margins | Medium-High | −2.8 | High | Medium | Medium |
| 2 | Extended qualification and certification cycles for safety-critical medical and automotive packs | Medium | −1.5 | Medium | Medium | Low |
| Total | −4.3 | |||||
Drivers contribute 56.25 Billion and restraints remove 4.3 Billion, a net 51.95 Billion, which is the revenue the market adds between the base year and 2034. Contributions are CDI estimates, apportioned so that they reconcile with the forecast rather than being read from it.
Growth in the global custom battery pack market comes from three measurable sources over 2026-2034: the market's own compounding at 10.07%, the share gained by faster-growing battery chemistry lines, and expansion in the regions taking a larger part of global revenue.
Restraining Factors
The bear case and what drives it
Market Restraints
2- 01The bear case and what drives it
The bear case assumes cell cost declines stall on renewed lithium and cobalt price pressure and that certification delays push automotive and medical program launches later than assumed, slowing the shift toward higher-voltage and higher-capacity custom packs. On that assumption 2034 revenue lands at USD 75.81 billion against the USD 88.15 billion base case, from the same USD 36.2 billion 2025 starting point.
- 02Nickel-Metal Hydride grows below the market rate
Nickel-Metal Hydride carries 10% of 2025 revenue at USD 3.62 billion but compounds at 5.73% against 10.07% for the market, taking its share to 7% by 2034 even as revenue rises to USD 6.17 billion. Because it carries that much of the base, its pace holds the blended rate down more than any faster line lifts it.
Market Opportunities
Where the forecast could be beaten
Market Opportunities
2- 01Where the forecast could be beaten
A bull case of USD 100.49 billion by 2034, against USD 88.15 billion in the base case, turns on a single stated assumption: the bull case assumes lithium-ion and lithium polymer cell costs fall faster than the base case and that e-mobility and distributed energy storage programs move from pilot to volume production ahead of schedule, pulling forward demand for higher-capacity custom packs. The USD 36.2 billion 2025 base is common to both.
- 02Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) is where share changes hands
Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) grows at 14.35% against 10.07% for the market, adding revenue from USD 1.81 billion in 2025 to USD 6.17 billion in 2034 and taking its share from 5% to 7%. It is the place on this axis where share changes hands at scale, so it is where an entrant can take position without displacing the incumbent in Lithium-ion.
Market Challenges
Revenue is concentrated in Lithium-ion
Market Challenges
2- 01Revenue is concentrated in Lithium-ion
Lithium-ion is 58.01% of 2025 revenue at USD 21 billion and still 60% at USD 52.89 billion in 2034. No other single change on the battery chemistry axis moves the total as much as a change in demand for that one line.
- 02Asia Pacific is largely China
Asia Pacific is worth USD 16.65 billion in 2025 and USD 7.49 billion of that is China; 44.99% of the region, reaching USD 20.72 billion in 2034. The consequence is that regional risk here is really country risk wearing a larger label.
Segmentation Analysis
5 axesThe market is divided by battery chemistry and by capacity range, end-use industry, pack configuration and voltage range; five axes in all. Revenue does not add across them: each is a different cut of the same total.
There are five lines on the battery chemistry axis, and all of them grow in revenue between 2025 and 2034. What separates them is share: three gain it, the rest give it up.
By Battery Chemistry · 5 segments
Scale in Lithium-ion and Growth in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) Define the Battery chemistry Axis
- Largest Lithium-ion · 58%
- Fastest Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) · 14.3%
- Moves most Nickel-Metal Hydride · -3 pts
- Order by 2034 changes
| Segment | 2025 | Share | 2034 | Share | CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lithium-ion | $21B | 58% | $52.89B | 60%+2 | 10.5% |
| Lithium Polymer | $7.24B | 20% | $19.39B | 22%+2 | 11.2% |
| Nickel-Metal Hydride | $3.62B | 10% | $6.17B | 7%-3 | 5.7% |
| Lead-Acid | $2.53B | 7% | $3.53B | 4%-3 | 3.3% |
| Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) | $1.81B | 5% | $6.17B | 7%+2 | 14.3% |
Lithium-ion leads because its energy density and mature, high-volume cell supply chain let integrators build custom packs at the lowest cost per watt-hour across the widest range of voltages and form factors. The smaller emerging-chemistry and solid-state category grows fastest as manufacturers pilot next-generation cells for safety-critical medical and defense-adjacent packs where performance headroom outweighs early-stage cost. Lithium-ion remains the largest line through 2034, so the axis changes in proportion, not in order. Every year of the series is priced on this axis, making it the reference cut for the rest of the report.
By Capacity Range · 3 segments
10 to 50 Ah Led by Capacity range in 2025, with Above 50 Ah Growing Fastest
- Largest 10 to 50 Ah · 45%
- Fastest Above 50 Ah · 13.7%
- Moves most Above 50 Ah · +6 pts
- Order by 2034 unchanged
| Segment | 2025 | Share | 2034 | Share | CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Below 10 Ah | $12.67B | 35% | $26.45B | 30%-5 | 8.5% |
| 10 to 50 Ah | $16.29B | 45% | $38.79B | 44%-1 | 10.1% |
| Above 50 Ah | $7.24B | 20% | $22.91B | 26%+6 | 13.7% |
Mid-capacity packs lead because most custom industrial, medical and robotics equipment needs that middle capacity band to match its duty cycle without the weight and certification burden of a larger cell bank. The higher-capacity band grows fastest as energy-storage and e-mobility programs increasingly specify larger custom architectures to extend runtime between charges. By 2034 10 to 50 Ah is still ahead, making this a shift in weight, not a change of leader.
By End-use Industry · 5 segments
Energy Storage & Utilities Outpaces the Axis While Industrial & Power Tools Holds the Largest Share
- Largest Industrial & Power Tools · 24%
- Fastest Energy Storage & Utilities · 15.5%
- Moves most Consumer Electronics · -5 pts
- Order by 2034 changes
| Segment | 2025 | Share | 2034 | Share | CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumer Electronics | $7.96B | 22% | $14.99B | 17%-5 | 7.3% |
| Medical & Healthcare | $7.24B | 20% | $16.75B | 19%-1 | 9.8% |
| Industrial & Power Tools | $8.69B | 24% | $18.51B | 21%-3 | 8.8% |
| Automotive & E-Mobility | $8.69B | 24% | $24.68B | 28%+4 | 12.3% |
| Energy Storage & Utilities | $3.62B | 10% | $13.22B | 15%+5 | 15.5% |
Automotive and e-mobility packs lead as e-bikes, scooters and other light electric vehicles need pack geometries and voltages that standard modules cannot match, pushing designers toward fully custom builds. Energy storage and utility applications grow fastest as distributed and behind-the-meter storage deployments scale up and increasingly specify custom pack architectures instead of off-the-shelf modules. By 2034 the largest line is Automotive & E-Mobility and no longer Industrial & Power Tools, the one axis here where the order actually changes.
By Pack Configuration · 3 segments
Cylindrical Led by Pack configuration in 2025, with Pouch Growing Fastest
- Largest Cylindrical · 45%
- Fastest Pouch · 11.8%
- Moves most Cylindrical · -5 pts
- Order by 2034 unchanged
| Segment | 2025 | Share | 2034 | Share | CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cylindrical | $16.29B | 45% | $35.26B | 40%-5 | 9% |
| Prismatic | $10.86B | 30% | $28.21B | 32%+2 | 11.2% |
| Pouch | $9.05B | 25% | $24.68B | 28%+3 | 11.8% |
Cylindrical packs lead because standardized cylindrical cells remain the most widely available and lowest-cost format for small-to-mid-volume custom builds, giving integrators the broadest supplier choice. Pouch-cell packs grow fastest as space-constrained wearable and portable medical applications favor the flexible, thin form factor that pouch cells allow over rigid cylindrical or prismatic formats. The order does not change: Cylindrical is still largest in 2034, and what moves is how much it holds.
By Voltage Range · 3 segments
Mid Voltage (12V to 48V) Held the Dominant Share of the Voltage range Segment in 2025
- Largest Mid Voltage (12V to 48V) · 46%
- Fastest High Voltage (above 48V) · 14%
- Moves most High Voltage (above 48V) · +8 pts
- Order by 2034 changes
| Segment | 2025 | Share | 2034 | Share | CAGR |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Voltage (below 12V) | $10.86B | 30% | $21.16B | 24%-6 | 7.7% |
| Mid Voltage (12V to 48V) | $16.65B | 46% | $38.79B | 44%-2 | 9.8% |
| High Voltage (above 48V) | $8.69B | 24% | $28.20B | 32%+8 | 14% |
Mid-voltage packs lead because most custom industrial, medical and robotics equipment operates in that band, matching typical motor and electronics requirements without the added insulation and safety overhead of higher voltages. High-voltage packs grow fastest as e-mobility and energy-storage architectures shift toward higher voltages to improve efficiency and reduce conductor size. Mid Voltage (12V to 48V) remains the largest line through 2034, so the axis changes in proportion, not in order.
Regional Insights
Regional Revenue Share
Base year 2025Share of global revenue in the base year.
Only the leading region's share is published outside the report; pins mark the region, not a specific country.
North America Market Analysis
The 2nd-largest region covered — 3 points of share move elsewhere by 2034, while revenue still grows 2.1×.
- Rank 2 of 5
- 2025 share 24%
- By 2034 21%
- Revenue $8.69B → $18.51B
In North America, 24% of global revenue puts 2025 at USD 8.69 billion and reaches USD 18.51 billion by 2034. It is a leading region on this axis, second by revenue throughout the period.
Share settles at 20.99% in 2034, and the region keeps growing in absolute terms while others expand faster, a change in relative weight, not a decline in demand.
Segment composition follows the global pattern: Lithium-ion largest at 58.01% of 2025 revenue, Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) fastest at 14.35%. Revenue for North America is broken out by every segmentation axis and by country in the full report.
United States
Sets the pace for North America at 85% of it, growing 2.1×.
- In region 1 of 2
- Of region 85%
- Of global 20.4%
- Revenue $7.39B → $15.73B
USD 7.39 billion of North America's 2025 revenue is generated in the United States, the region's largest market, reaching USD 15.73 billion by 2034. 85.04% of the region in 2025 means the regional figures are, in practice, a view of this market with others attached. Against regional totals of USD 8.69 billion in 2025 and USD 18.51 billion in 2034, it is the country the full report breaks out in detail.
Demand in the United States follows the battery chemistry mix reported at global level: Lithium-ion is the largest line at 58.01% of 2025 revenue, moving to 60% by 2034, while Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) grows fastest at 14.35% and takes its share from 5% to 7%. With 85.04% of North America concentrated here, a change in this country's mix is visible in the regional figures instead of being diluted by its neighbours. Per-battery chemistry revenue for the United States appears on its own in the full report.
In the United States, a custom battery pack built around lithium cells falls under the transport safety oversight of the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration, which requires the cells to pass the United Nations lithium battery testing protocol before they can be shipped by air, sea or land. The Consumer Product Safety Commission oversees general product safety for the finished pack, and packs intended for wireless charging or radio functions also need certification from the Federal Communications Commission. Suppliers typically design to Underwriters Laboratories safety standards for lithium battery packs, since retailers and OEM customers commonly require that certification even though it is not itself a legal mandate. Packaging and shipping documentation must reflect the cell chemistry and energy rating declared to the carrier.
The United States does not have a competitive structure of its own; position here is position on the battery chemistry axis reported above. The commercially relevant division is 58.01% of 2025 revenue in Lithium-ion, where the volume is, against 14.35% growth in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries), where share moves. The full report covers country-level positioning and shares company by company; this summary does not.
Canada
2nd-largest in North America, growing 2.1×.
- In region 2 of 2
- Of region 15%
- Of global 3.6%
- Revenue $1.30B → $2.78B
Within North America, Canada accounts for 14.96% of regional revenue and 3.59% of the global total, worth USD 1.3 billion in 2025 and USD 2.78 billion by 2034.
Europe Market Analysis
The 3rd-largest region covered — 2 points of share move elsewhere by 2034, while revenue still grows 2.2×.
- Rank 3 of 5
- 2025 share 20%
- By 2034 18%
- Revenue $7.24B → $15.87B
Europe holds 20% of the global custom battery pack market in 2025, worth USD 7.24 billion with USD 15.87 billion projected for 2034. It is a leading region on this axis, third by revenue throughout the period.
Its share moves to 18% by 2034, and the region keeps growing in absolute terms while others expand faster, a change in relative weight, not a decline in demand.
The battery chemistry mix reported at global level applies here, with Lithium-ion the largest line at 58.01% of 2025 revenue and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) the fastest-growing at 14.35%. Europe is reported axis by axis and country by country in the full study.
Germany
The largest market in Europe, growing 2.2×.
- In region 1 of 2
- Of region 34.9%
- Of global 7%
- Revenue $2.53B → $5.55B
USD 2.53 billion of Europe's 2025 revenue is generated in Germany, the region's largest market, reaching USD 5.55 billion by 2034. At 34.94% of the region in 2025 it leads, but a majority of Europe's revenue is generated in other markets. Set against USD 7.24 billion and USD 15.87 billion for the region, it is why this market, and not a smaller one, is the one reported in full.
Germany buys along the same lines as the market globally; Lithium-ion first at 58.01% of 2025 revenue and 60% in 2034, Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) fastest at 14.35% on a share moving from 5% to 7%. Since 34.94% of Europe's revenue is generated here, the regional numbers inherit this market's mix instead of smoothing it out. Revenue by battery chemistry for Germany is reported separately in the full report.
Germany applies the European Union's framework for batteries, administered domestically through market surveillance bodies that check conformity before a custom pack reaches the market. A supplier must affix the CE mark, demonstrating conformity with the harmonized electrical and chemical safety standards that cover lithium battery packs, and must meet the labelling and due-diligence obligations set out in the EU Battery Regulation, covering carbon footprint disclosure, recycled content and end-of-life collection. Take-back and recycling obligations flow from Germany's battery law, which places responsibility on the producer for collecting spent packs. Transport of the cells within Germany and across EU borders follows the same UN-derived dangerous goods testing regime that applies internationally.
Competition in Germany is decided on the battery chemistry axis rather than on geography, since suppliers here sell into the same battery chemistry lines reported globally. The commercially relevant division is 58.01% of 2025 revenue in Lithium-ion, where the volume is, against 14.35% growth in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries), where share moves. A supplier weighted toward Europe is competing over a base of USD 7.24 billion in 2025 reaching USD 15.87 billion by 2034, 20% of global revenue at the start of that period.
United Kingdom
2nd-largest in Europe, growing 2.2×.
- In region 2 of 2
- Of region 20%
- Of global 4%
- Revenue $1.45B → $3.17B
Within Europe, the United Kingdom accounts for 20.03% of regional revenue and 4.01% of the global total, worth USD 1.45 billion in 2025 and USD 3.17 billion by 2034.
Asia Pacific Market Analysis
The largest region covered, and the one gaining the most — it picks up 4 points of share by 2034, while revenue still grows 2.6×.
- Rank 1 of 5
- 2025 share 46%
- By 2034 50%
- Revenue $16.65B → $44.08B
45.99% of the global custom battery pack market sits in Asia Pacific in 2025, worth USD 16.65 billion with USD 44.08 billion projected for 2034. It is a dominant region on this axis, first by revenue throughout the period.
50.01% of global revenue sits here by 2034, up from the 2025 level, at a pace above the 10.07% global rate, so this region warrants separate treatment and should not be scaled off the total.
The battery chemistry mix reported at global level applies here, with Lithium-ion the largest line at 58.01% of 2025 revenue and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) the fastest-growing at 14.35%. Per-axis and per-country detail for Asia Pacific sits in the full report.
China
The largest market in Asia Pacific, growing 2.8×.
- In region 1 of 3
- Of region 45%
- Of global 20.7%
- Revenue $7.49B → $20.72B
44.99% of Asia Pacific's base-year revenue comes from China; USD 7.49 billion, rising to USD 20.72 billion by 2034. It accounts for 44.99% of regional revenue in the base year, the largest single share without dominating the region outright. Against regional totals of USD 16.65 billion in 2025 and USD 44.08 billion in 2034, it is the country the full report breaks out in detail.
The battery chemistry pattern in China is the global one: 58.01% of 2025 revenue in Lithium-ion, 60% by 2034, against 14.35% growth in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) taking it from 5% to 7%. With 44.99% of Asia Pacific concentrated here, a change in this country's mix is visible in the regional figures instead of being diluted by its neighbours. The full report reports China by battery chemistry separately.
China regulates a custom battery pack through the State Administration for Market Regulation, which oversees compulsory certification for electronic products where the pack is built into a consumer device. Lithium cells destined for domestic sale or export must be tested against national GB safety standards for lithium battery packs, covering short-circuit, overcharge and thermal abuse behaviour, and transport within the country follows dangerous goods rules that mirror the international UN testing protocol. Export packs commonly carry both the domestic compulsory certification mark and whatever certification the destination market requires. Environmental rules increasingly require producers to plan for take-back and recycling of spent packs once a device reaches end of life.
China does not have a competitive structure of its own; position here is position on the battery chemistry axis reported above. Volume sits in Lithium-ion at 58.01% of 2025 revenue; movement sits in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) at 14.35% growth. A supplier weighted toward Asia Pacific is competing over a base of USD 16.65 billion in 2025 reaching USD 44.08 billion by 2034, 45.99% of global revenue at the start of that period.
South Korea
2nd-largest in Asia Pacific, growing 2.4×.
- In region 2 of 3
- Of region 20%
- Of global 9.2%
- Revenue $3.33B → $7.93B
Within Asia Pacific, South Korea accounts for 20% of regional revenue and 9.2% of the global total, worth USD 3.33 billion in 2025 and USD 7.93 billion by 2034.
Japan
3rd-largest in Asia Pacific, growing 2.3×.
- In region 3 of 3
- Of region 15%
- Of global 6.9%
- Revenue $2.50B → $5.73B
Japan is sized at USD 2.5 billion in 2025, rising to USD 5.73 billion by 2034; 6.91% of global revenue and 15.02% of Asia Pacific. It is reported separately from China across every segmentation axis in the full report.
Latin America Market Analysis
The 4th-largest region covered, holding its share flat through 2034, while revenue still grows 2.4×.
- Rank 4 of 5
- 2025 share 6%
- By 2034 6%
- Revenue $2.17B → $5.29B
In Latin America, 5.99% of global revenue puts 2025 at USD 2.17 billion with USD 5.29 billion projected for 2034. Among the five regions it ranks fourth by revenue in both years.
6% of global revenue sits here by 2034, up from the 2025 level, on growth above the market's own 10.07%, and with a bigger contribution to the revenue added over the period than the base-year figure suggests.
The battery chemistry mix reported at global level applies here, with Lithium-ion the largest line at 58.01% of 2025 revenue and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) the fastest-growing at 14.35%. The full report breaks Latin America out along every axis and by country.
Brazil
The largest market in Latin America, growing 2.4×.
- In region 1 of 2
- Of region 45.2%
- Of global 2.7%
- Revenue $0.98B → $2.38B
Brazil is the largest market within Latin America, generating USD 0.98 billion in 2025 and projected to reach USD 2.38 billion by 2034. Its 45.16% of base-year regional revenue leads the region, though enough sits elsewhere that Latin America is not a proxy for it. Against regional totals of USD 2.17 billion in 2025 and USD 5.29 billion in 2034, it is the country the full report breaks out in detail.
The battery chemistry pattern in Brazil is the global one: 58.01% of 2025 revenue in Lithium-ion, 60% by 2034, against 14.35% growth in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) taking it from 5% to 7%. Because the country carries 45.16% of Latin America, a movement in its own mix shows up in the regional totals instead of being averaged away by neighbouring markets. Brazil carries its own battery chemistry breakdown in the full report.
Brazil places product safety oversight for a custom battery pack with INMETRO, the national metrology and quality institute, which requires certification of the pack's electrical and thermal safety before it can be sold domestically. Packs that form part of a telecommunications or wireless device also need approval from ANATEL, the telecommunications regulator, covering radio-frequency and interference performance. Conformity is assessed against Brazilian standards drawn from the same international lithium safety testing base used elsewhere, and the finished pack must carry the INMETRO mark along with labelling that identifies the manufacturer and the cell chemistry. Transport of lithium cells inside Brazil follows the country's dangerous goods rules, aligned with the international testing protocol for lithium batteries.
What separates suppliers in Brazil is where they sit on the battery chemistry axis, not which country they serve. Volume sits in Lithium-ion at 58.01% of 2025 revenue; movement sits in Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) at 14.35% growth. The commercial size of that position is USD 2.17 billion in 2025, moving to USD 5.29 billion by 2034 across the forecast period.
Mexico
2nd-largest in Latin America, growing 2.4×.
- In region 2 of 2
- Of region 29.9%
- Of global 1.8%
- Revenue $0.65B → $1.59B
Mexico is sized at USD 0.65 billion in 2025, rising to USD 1.59 billion by 2034; 1.8% of global revenue and 29.95% of Latin America. It is reported separately from Brazil across every segmentation axis in the full report.
Middle East and Africa Market Analysis
The 5th-largest region covered — it picks up 1 point of share by 2034, while revenue still grows 3.0×.
- Rank 5 of 5
- 2025 share 4%
- By 2034 5%
- Revenue $1.45B → $4.40B
USD 1.45 billion of 2025 revenue is generated in Middle East and Africa, 4.01% of the global custom battery pack market with USD 4.4 billion projected for 2034. It is a marginal region on this axis, fifth by revenue throughout the period.
4.99% of global revenue sits here by 2034, up from the 2025 level, on growth above the market's own 10.07%, and with a bigger contribution to the revenue added over the period than the base-year figure suggests.
The battery chemistry mix reported at global level applies here, with Lithium-ion the largest line at 58.01% of 2025 revenue and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) the fastest-growing at 14.35%. Middle East and Africa is reported axis by axis and country by country in the full study.
Saudi Arabia
The largest market in Middle East and Africa, growing 3.0×.
- In region 1 of 2
- Of region 30.3%
- Of global 1.2%
- Revenue $0.44B → $1.32B
USD 0.44 billion of Middle East and Africa's 2025 revenue is generated in Saudi Arabia, the region's largest market, reaching USD 1.32 billion by 2034. Its 30.34% of base-year regional revenue leads the region, though enough sits elsewhere that Middle East and Africa is not a proxy for it. Against regional totals of USD 1.45 billion in 2025 and USD 4.4 billion in 2034, it is the country the full report breaks out in detail.
Composition here matches the global split: the largest line is Lithium-ion at 58.01% of 2025 revenue, easing to 60% by 2034, and the fastest is Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries) at 14.35%, from 5% to 7%. With 30.34% of Middle East and Africa concentrated here, a change in this country's mix is visible in the regional figures instead of being diluted by its neighbours. Saudi Arabia carries its own battery chemistry breakdown in the full report.
Saudi Arabia regulates a custom battery pack through the Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization, which requires conformity assessment and registration on the SABER platform before the product can clear customs or reach retail. A supplier must demonstrate that the pack meets the applicable electrical and lithium safety standards, drawn from the same international testing base used across the Gulf, and must provide Arabic-language labelling identifying the manufacturer, the cell chemistry and handling precautions. The Saudi Food and Drug Authority becomes relevant only where the pack is embedded in a medical device, in which case the finished product needs its own approval. Transport of lithium cells follows the kingdom's dangerous goods rules, consistent with the international UN testing protocol.
Saudi Arabia does not have a competitive structure of its own; position here is position on the battery chemistry axis reported above. Lithium-ion, at 58.01% of 2025 revenue, is where the volume sits, and Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries), growing at 14.35%, is where position changes hands over the forecast period. The commercial size of that position is USD 1.45 billion in 2025 and USD 4.4 billion by 2034, 4.01% of the global total in the base year.
United Arab Emirates
2nd-largest in Middle East and Africa, growing 3.1×.
- In region 2 of 2
- Of region 24.8%
- Of global 1%
- Revenue $0.36B → $1.10B
Within Middle East and Africa, the United Arab Emirates accounts for 24.83% of regional revenue and 0.99% of the global total, worth USD 0.36 billion in 2025 and USD 1.1 billion by 2034.
Request this sample to see the full data tables and segment-level detail behind this analysis.
Report Coverage
This report assesses the market across every segment, with revenue and a growth rate for each line in each year of the study period. It covers the drivers, trends, opportunities, restraints and challenges shaping growth, the competitive landscape and the companies profiled, and the research methodology behind every estimate. Segmentation is reported by Battery Chemistry, Capacity Range, End-Use Industry, Pack Configuration, Voltage Range, and regional analysis covers North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa, each broken out by country.
Competitive Landscape
Position on the Battery chemistry Axis Decides Competitive Standing
The battery chemistry axis, not the regional one, is where competition happens. The largest block of revenue is Lithium-ion: USD 21 billion in 2025 at 58.01% of the total, 60% in 2034. Incumbency there is expensive to challenge. Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries), compounding at 14.35% against 3.27% for Lead-Acid, is where share changes hands over the forecast period. Those are different problems, and a supplier strong in one is not thereby strong in the other; that is what sustains a field this size in a USD 36.2 billion market.
Competitive position in custom battery packs turns on certified manufacturing capability rather than scale alone: suppliers serving medical, aerospace or automotive programs need UL, IEC or equivalent certifications specific to the chemistry and application, and that qualification history is difficult for a new entrant to replicate quickly. Larger suppliers compete on multi-chemistry sourcing, automated assembly capacity and the ability to support high-volume e-mobility and energy-storage programs. Smaller and regional suppliers compete on rapid prototyping, small-batch flexibility and close applications-engineering support for buyers whose pack specification changes during development, a service larger volume-focused suppliers are less willing to provide.
Geographic reach is the other axis of competition. Asia Pacific alone accounts for 45.99% of 2025 revenue, so a supplier absent there is absent from the largest part of the market whatever its position elsewhere; North America adds a further 24%.
Per-company profiles, financials, share and development history are in the full report and not here.
List of Key Custom Battery Pack Market Companies Profiled
10 companies profiled. Company profiles, including financials, product portfolios and recent developments, are part of the full report.
- Ultralife Corporation(United States)
- EnerSys(United States)
- Saft(France)
- EaglePicher Technologies(United States)
- Bren-Tronics Inc.(United States)
- Grepow Battery Group(China)
- Tenergy Corporation(United States)
- Accutronics Ltd(United Kingdom)
- Dantona Industries(United States)
- E-One Moli Energy(Canada)
Geographic Coverage
Every market below is broken out separately in the report.
North America
3Europe
8Asia Pacific
12Latin America
3Middle East and Africa
4Key Insights
Report Scope
Study parameters & segmentationThis study covers market size and forecasts over the 2020–2034 period, segmentation across 5 axes (Battery Chemistry, Capacity Range, End-use Industry, Pack Configuration, Voltage Range), regional analysis for 5 regions and their constituent countries, a competitive landscape profiling 10 key companies, and the research methodology behind every estimate.
Segmentation
5 axes + regionFull chapter-and-section structure of the report. Segment, region, and company breakdowns are listed as scope. The underlying figures are in the sample and full report.
Table of Contents+−
Chapter 1.Executive Summary
Chapter 2.Premium Insights
Chapter 3.Market Definition
Chapter 4.Research Methodology
Chapter 5.Strategic Imperatives & Market Outlook
Chapter 6.Go-to-Market (GTM) Strategies
Chapter 7.Market Trends, Strategy & Dynamics
Chapter 8.Porter's Five Forces
Chapter 9.PESTEL Analysis
Chapter 10.Value Chain Analysis
Chapter 11.Supply Chain Analysis
Chapter 12.Macro-Economic Factors
Chapter 13.Market Cost Analysis
Chapter 14.Market Supply-Side Analysis
Chapter 15.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Size & Projections, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 16.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Overview, By Battery Chemistry, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 17.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Overview, By Capacity Range, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 18.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Overview, By End-use Industry, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 19.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Overview, By Pack Configuration, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 20.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Overview, By Voltage Range, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 21.Global Custom Battery Pack Market Size — Segment Comparison
Chapter 22.Global Custom Battery Pack Geography Overview, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 23.North America Custom Battery Pack Market Deep-Dive, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 24.Europe Custom Battery Pack Market Deep-Dive, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 25.Asia Pacific Custom Battery Pack Market Deep-Dive, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 26.Latin America Custom Battery Pack Market Deep-Dive, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 27.Middle East and Africa Custom Battery Pack Market Deep-Dive, 2020–2034, Revenue (USD Billion)
Chapter 28.Application / Use-Case Analysis
Chapter 29.Vendor Capability Scorecard
Chapter 30.Scenario Forecasts
Chapter 31.Top 10 Key Clients of Top 10 Players
Chapter 32.Top 10 Suppliers
Chapter 33.Competitive Landscape
Chapter 34.Partnerships & M&A
Chapter 35.Key Vendor Analysis
Chapter 36.Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors & Traders
Chapter 37.Outlook of the Market
Chapter 38.Concluding Analyst Note
List of Figures+−
Structural index generated from this report's own section headings, not verified against the delivered report's actual figure numbering.
List of Tables+−
Structural index generated from this report's own section headings, not verified against the delivered report's actual table numbering.
Segmentation Analysis
5 axesBy Battery Chemistry
5- 01Lithium-ion
- 02Lithium Polymer
- 03Nickel-Metal Hydride
- 04Lead-Acid
- 05Others (Solid-State & Emerging Chemistries)
By Capacity Range
3- 01Below 10 Ah
- 0210 to 50 Ah
- 03Above 50 Ah
By End-use Industry
5- 01Consumer Electronics
- 02Medical & Healthcare
- 03Industrial & Power Tools
- 04Automotive & E-Mobility
- 05Energy Storage & Utilities
By Pack Configuration
3- 01Cylindrical
- 02Prismatic
- 03Pouch
By Voltage Range
3- 01Low Voltage (below 12V)
- 02Mid Voltage (12V to 48V)
- 03High Voltage (above 48V)
Segment categories shown for scope reference. See the Summary tab for revenue share by By Battery Chemistry. Full segment-by-segment detail across every axis is available in the sample and full report.
Research approach
A market size is a claim about the world, and a claim is only as good as the route to it. Every study is built upward from units and prices — what is actually produced, sold or performed, at what it actually changes hands for — rather than from a headline figure divided downwards. Disclosed company revenue is then used to check that build, not to produce it.
The market is built upward from estimated custom battery pack shipment volumes, disaggregated by chemistry and capacity band, multiplied by the average realized price per pack observed across voltage and configuration tiers. Cell cost indices for lithium-ion, lithium polymer and nickel-metal hydride inputs anchor the price assumptions, adjusted for pack-level engineering, enclosure and battery management system costs that distinguish a custom design from a standard cell. This unit-and-price build is then checked against disclosed segment revenue reported by pack assemblers and cell suppliers with identifiable custom or OEM lines. Where the two diverge, the correction is made to the underlying unit-price assumption, most often the assumed average selling price per ampere-hour for a given chemistry and voltage tier.
The four stages
The same sequence runs behind every published study, whatever the industry. The order matters as much as the steps: the segment axes are fixed before any number is collected, so the model is never reshaped to fit whatever data happens to turn up.
What the build rests on, and what checks it
The two are not interchangeable. The left column produces the number; the right column tests it. When the check disagrees with the build, the answer is to find which bottom-up assumption is wrong — a unit count, a price, a take-up rate — not to split the difference between them.
- Volume actually transacted — units produced, installed, dispensed or procedures performed, counted at the level each is genuinely recorded
- Realised pricing by tier and channel, rather than one blended average applied across the whole market
- Take-up and frequency: how much of the addressable base buys, and how often it repeats
- Disclosed revenue of the companies serving the market, where filings separate it far enough to be usable
- Buyer-side spending totals — capital budgets, procurement lines, or the output of the end market the product is bought against
- Trade and customs flows, where the product crosses borders in a separately recorded form
Data sources
Published data establishes what happened. Only the people transacting in a market can say why, and what is about to change — so the two are collected separately and weighted differently.
- Commercial and product leadership at the companies that supply the market
- Procurement and specification leads at the organisations that buy it
- Distributors, integrators and channel partners, where the market is served indirectly
- Regulatory and standards specialists, where approval governs what can be sold at all
- Company filings, annual reports and investor disclosure
- Government statistics, customs records and regulatory registers
- Trade association output and standards-body publications
- Technical and peer-reviewed literature, where the market rests on a clinical or engineering claim
Primary interviews are directed at procurement and engineering roles inside original equipment manufacturers that specify custom packs, along with commercial leads at pack assemblers and cell distributors who set pricing and lead times. Regulatory and quality personnel are included where medical, aerospace or automotive certification governs pack design, since certification timelines shape both cost and delivery assumptions. Sampling emphasises North America, East Asia and Western Europe, the three regions where custom pack design, cell manufacturing and end-device production are most concentrated, with lighter coverage of Latin America and the Middle East reflecting their smaller manufacturing base today.
Desk research draws on UL and IEC battery safety certification registers, which record which chemistries and configurations have cleared testing for a given application class, alongside national customs trade data filed under the harmonized system codes covering lithium-ion and lithium polymer cells and assembled battery packs. Cell producer investor filings and earnings disclosures provide realized pricing and capacity utilization context, and industry association benchmarks from battery and portable power trade bodies inform application-level demand splits by chemistry and voltage tier, supplemented by patent filings tracking emerging solid-state and alternative-chemistry development activity.
Desk research runs across proprietary research databases including Factiva, OneSource and Hoovers alongside the public sources above. Modelling and statistical validation are run in SAS and SPSS.
Forecasting
The forecast is not a growth rate applied to a base year. It is built from the drivers that are expected to change, each one stated so a reader can disagree with it.
The forecast is built from projected shipment growth in electric two-wheelers, portable medical devices and distributed energy storage, the three end uses expected to raise average pack capacity and voltage over the study period. Pricing assumptions account for a gradual decline in cell cost per kilowatt-hour offset by rising customization and battery-management-system content per pack. Chemistry mix assumptions shift toward higher lithium-ion and lithium polymer penetration and normalize an assumed near-term step-up in solid-state and other emerging-chemistry adoption tied to pilot programs rather than volume production. For the forecast to hold, cell cost declines must continue at a pace consistent with the historical trend and customization content per pack must keep rising rather than plateau.
Triangulation and validation
No figure enters a report on the strength of one source. Where the two sizing routes disagree the difference is not averaged away — the assumption causing it is isolated, tested against a third independent measure, and either corrected or carried forward as a stated limitation. Historical years are back-tested against the growth actually recorded before any forecast is allowed to run forward from them.
Historical 2020-2024 growth in the model is back-tested against recorded shipment and revenue trends for pack assemblers with disclosed custom or OEM segments, and the chemistry mix shift is checked against publicly reported cell shipment splits from major cell producers. Segment-level share shifts, particularly the reallocation from lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride toward lithium-based chemistries, were reviewed against engineering and procurement commentary on design-in activity. Sensitivities were tested on cell cost trajectories and on the pace of adoption in energy storage and e-mobility applications, the two segments carrying the widest range of outcomes across the forecast period.
Confidence and limitations
Where an estimate is firm and where it is not is stated rather than left to be inferred from the precision of the number.
Confidence is strongest in the lithium-ion and lithium polymer chemistry lines and in the automotive and e-mobility end-use split, where shipment and pricing data are most complete. It is weaker in the emerging-chemistry and solid-state category and in the energy storage end use, where adoption is still concentrated in pilot and early-commercial deployments and reporting is thin. A structural risk that would force a revision is a faster-than-assumed decline in lithium-ion cell costs, which would pull demand away from lead-acid and nickel-metal hydride packs faster than currently modeled.
Every report purchase includes direct access to the lead analyst for scoping questions on the data, at no extra cost and with no separate booking process.
Request a tailored breakdown by geography, segment, or competitor set beyond what's in the standard report.
Questions This Report Answers
6 questionsWhat is the market size and growth rate, globally and by region?
How is the market segmented, and which segments lead?
Which regions and countries are covered, and how do they compare?
What are the key drivers, restraints, opportunities and challenges?
Who are the leading companies operating in this market?
What trends are expected to shape the market through the forecast period?
Frequently Asked Questions
01What is the Custom Battery Pack Market projected to reach?
USD 88.15 Billion by 2034, CAGR 10.07%
02What years does this report cover?
Study period 2020–2034, base year 2025, historical data 2020-2024, forecast period 2026-2034.
03Which regions are covered?
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, Middle East and Africa.
04Which region accounted for the largest market share?
Asia Pacific leads with 45.99% of global revenue through 2034.
05Which segment leads the market?
Lithium-ion is the largest line by Battery Chemistry, at 58.01% of revenue in 2025.
06Who are the key companies profiled?
Ultralife Corporation, EnerSys, Saft, EaglePicher Technologies, Bren-Tronics Inc., Grepow Battery Group, Tenergy Corporation, Accutronics Ltd, Dantona Industries, E-One Moli Energy. Full profiles are part of the paid report.
07Can the segmentation be customized?
Yes. Custom data cuts by geography, segment, or competitor set are available on request.
Why choose CDI
Need this report shaped around your question?
The scope isn't fixed. Tell us what your team needs that the standard edition doesn't cover, and an analyst will come back on what can be adjusted and how long it takes, before you commit to anything.
Most licences include 30–60 hours of customization at no extra cost. See what each licence includes
Additional Companies
Add competitors, suppliers or the peer set you benchmark against to the companies already covered.
Deeper Competitive View
Sharpen the landscape work around your own position: product line, channel, or a named shortlist of rivals.
Extra Segment Splits
Break the market down along an axis the standard scope doesn't cut it by, or go a level deeper inside one.
Application Focus
Narrow the analysis to the specific use cases and end users your team actually sells into.
Different Time Frame
Move the base year, or widen the historical and forecast windows the study is built on.
Country-Level Detail
Go below region level into the individual countries that matter to you, rather than the standard geography split.